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  I Semester, Figures of Speech (English literature)   Figures of Speech:   A word or Phrase used in a non literal sense for Rhetorical or Vivid effect   1.Simile   It is a type of Figurative language that defines something by comparing it to something else with words ‘like’ or ‘as’   Examples:   i)These two are different as night and day ii)The mouse is as dead as a doormat iii) You sing like an Angel   Similes can make writing more colourful and interesting. They are often used in Literature.   Example:   i)I wandered lonely like a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills. (Daffodils by William Wordsworth)   ii) What happens to a dream deferred: Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun! Or fester like a sore And then run (By Langston Hughes)   Sometimes similes make use of exaggeration.   Example: He runs as fast as lightening   2. Metaph...
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  I Semester, Modern English (1500 to the Present Day)   Modern English can be divided into two parts. They are Early Modern English (1500 – 1800) and late Modern English (from 1800 to the Present Day). During the Early Modern English, the Great Vowel Shift began. It actually started in the 14 th century and Completed by 17 th Century.   The Great Vowel Shift changed some of the Pronunciation Techniques in English Language. It began in Southern England and has influenced all dialects of English effectively. Based on the Vowel Shift, the Pronunciation of all Middle English Vowels changed and it brought some modifications into consonant sounds also. Standardization of English spelling in the 15 th and 16 th centuries began because of the impact of the Vowel Shift. This Great Vowel Shift was studied by a Danish Linguist and Anglicist named Otto Jespersen. He coined the term Great Vowel Shift.   The reason for the Great Vowel Shift in Britain was the effect of ...
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  I Semester, Middle English (1150 – 1500)   Normandy is a district extended to seventy five miles from the English Channel. It is situated on the Northern Coast of France. It derived its name from the bands of North men who settled in Normandy in the 9 th and Tenth centuries. They conquered Britain in 1066. The Norman Conquest changed the whole course of English Language.   French remained the language of the upper class in England for 200 Years after the Norman Conquest. At first those who spoke French were those of Norman origin, But soon through intermarriages and association with the ruling class, Numerous people of English must have found advantage to learn the new language. Due to that reason, French remained the language of upper class and English was treated as the language of masses. As a matter of fact, Significant number of words of Norman Origin began to appear in English Language in the field of religion, administration, law, etc, during the early m...
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  III Sem, English Literature Tragedy: It is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying Catharsis or pleasure in audience Catharsis is a Greek word.   It means purification or purgation or cleansing of emotions particularly pity and fear through art. Catharsis is a Metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the poetics in 335 BC (in Latin it is called De Poetica) Types of Tragedies -Greek Tragedy -Roman Tragedy -Elizabethan & Jacobean Tragedy -Revenge Tragedy -Tragic Comedy -Domestic Tragedy   -Greek Tragedy: It is a form of theatre from Ancient Greece. It became more significant in form in Athens in 5 th century BC.   It was performed in the honour of ‘Dionysus’. Greek tragedians named Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides established the basic rules of tragic drama. Aeschylus invented triology kind of drama in which a series of three tragedies tell one story and end with a Satyr play. Ancient Greek Tragedie...
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  III Sem English Literature Drama Drama is one of the important genres of Literature. It is made to perform by actors on the stage. Elements of Drama. 1.Plot 2.Character 3.Dialogue 4.Setting 5.Theme 6.Conflict 1.plot Plot is the course of a story. it comprises a series of incidents which generally unfolded sometimes by an unexpected means. In Simple terms it is also called story line   Plot can be simple or complex. It may also be called tragic or comic. Tragic plot ends in a tragic manner and comic plot ends in a happy manner. 2.Character.   Character plays an important role in a Drama. Generally, A Novelist or A Dramatist conveys their thoughts or ideas in the drama with the help of the characters. Basically, there are two types of characters. They are -Flat Character -Round character -Flat Characters: Flat Characters do not change in the course of action. They don’t have any emotional depth in them.   - Round Char...
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  III Sem English Literature Syllabus Unit – 1 Drama. Tragedy Comedy Mystery, Miracle and Morality Plays Epic Theatre Theatre of ideas   Unit 2 Hamlet – William Shakespeare   Unit 3 Rivals – R. B. Sheridan   Unit 4 Pygmalion – G. B. Shaw   Unit 5 One Act Plays The Boy Comes Home – A.A.Milne The Room – Herald Pinter
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I-Sem (Old English)

  Old English (450-1150) Anglo Saxon is the earliest recorded form of the English language spoken in England, Southern and eastern Scotland from 5 th Century to 10 th Century. Old English was developed from the Languages brought to Great Britain b Anglo Saxon migrants in the 5 th Century and the first Old English literary work dates from the 7 th century onwards. Old English was a set of Anglo – Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, As the Germanic settlers became dominant in England, their Language replaced the languages of Romano Britain, which was commonly known as Britionic or Celtic. During the Old English Period, There were four major Dialects associated with Anglo Saxon Kingdoms. They were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English Period. As a matter of fact, Germanic languages were divided into...
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